वाक्य रचना: Subject (कर्ता) और Predicate (विधेय) की समझ
(A Bilingual Guide for Hindi-Medium Students)
see this video for better understanding
Introduction (परिचय)
Every sentence (वाक्य) is made up of two main parts:
Subject (कर्ता) – Who or what the sentence is about.
Predicate (विधेय) – What is said about the subject.
Example:
"Rahul (Subject) plays cricket (Predicate)."
→ "राहुल (कर्ता) क्रिकेट खेलता है (विधेय)।"
1. Subject (कर्ता) – वाक्य का मुख्य भाग
Definition: The subject is the doer or main topic of the sentence.
Types of Subject:
| English | Hindi Example |
|---|---|
| Simple Subject (साधारण कर्ता) | "The dog barks." → "कुत्ता भौंकता है।" |
| Compound Subject (संयुक्त कर्ता) | "Ram and Shyam are friends." → "राम और श्याम दोस्त हैं।" |
Note: In imperative sentences (आज्ञासूचक वाक्य), the subject (You) is hidden.
"Sit down." → "(तुम) बैठ जाओ।"
2. Predicate (विधेय) – कर्ता के बारे में जानकारी
Definition: The predicate tells what the subject does or what happens to it.
Types of Predicate:
| English | Hindi Example |
|---|---|
| Simple Predicate (साधारण विधेय) | "She sings." → "वह गाती है।" |
| Complete Predicate (पूर्ण विधेय) | "The boy is playing football." → "लड़का फुटबॉल खेल रहा है।" |
3. Subject-Predicate Order (कर्ता-विधेय का क्रम)
Normally, Subject comes first, but sometimes Predicate comes first for emphasis.
Examples:
| English | Hindi |
|---|---|
| Subject First: "The sun shines." → "सूरज चमकता है।" | |
| Predicate First: "Here comes the bus." → "यहाँ बस आती है।" |
4. Practice Exercise (अभ्यास)
Identify Subject and Predicate in these sentences:
| English Sentence | Subject | Predicate |
|---|---|---|
| "Birds fly in the sky." | Birds | fly in the sky |
| "सूरज पूर्व में उगता है।" | सूरज | पूर्व में उगता है |
| "The teacher gave us homework." | The teacher | gave us homework |
| "वर्षा हो रही है।" | (Hidden - "It") | वर्षा हो रही है |
5. Common Mistakes (सामान्य गलतियाँ)
Missing Subject:
❌ "Is raining." (Who is raining?)
✅ "It is raining." → "बारिश हो रही है।"
Incomplete Predicate:
❌ "The cat." (What about the cat?)
✅ "The cat is sleeping." → "बिल्ली सो रही है।"
Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)
Subject (कर्ता) = Who/What the sentence is about.
Predicate (विधेय) = Action/Description of the subject.
Practice: Try making 5 sentences and identify their Subject & Predicate in both English and Hindi!
Example:
"The moon (S) shines at night (P)." → "चाँद (कर्ता) रात में चमकता है (विधेय)।"
By understanding Subject-Predicate, you can build better sentences in English & Hindi! 📚✨
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